The Article ËœInstitutional and Individual Investor - 1100 Words

The Article: ËÅ"Institutional and Individual Investor (Article Critique Sample) Content: NameProfessorInstitutionCourseDateIn the article à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Institutional and individual investor preferences for dividends and share repurchasesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Ravi Jain studies the assumptions that were overlooked by prior studies of the traditional societies which showed that high dividend paying firms attracted many institutional investors compared to individual investors (Jain, 2007).The traditional researcher assumed that institutional investors were attracted to high dividend yields without considering other factors such as empirical examination. In details Jain directly examines this assumption. Jain postulates that there are non-tax incentives that make many institutions invest in dividend-paying stocks. For instance, common law, such as the Employee Retirement Security Act of 1974, requires that the institutional managers to be wise and careful when investing. The act made some institutions to stop investing in firms that omitted dividends and started to pur chase stocks from firms that provided dividends. Additionally, some institution investors have charters that prohibit them from purchasing stock that does not offer dividends. Institutional investors, such as non-profit organizations could prefer dividends if they are required to spend only income rather than principal. Therefore, Jain also examines whether tax and non-tax factors could make institutions and/individuals to have higher/lower stock holdings in firms that pay dividends (Jain, 2007).Jain in the article also tests the contradictory hypothesis based on the individual or institutional investor preference towards share repurchase. The data available for the years 1989-1996 makes Jain suggest that institutional investors tend to prefer stocks that yield low dividends as compared with those which yield high dividend stocks. However, individuals, as well as non-institutional investors, prefer stocks that yield high dividends in comparison with stocks that yield low dividends. Baker (2006), states that institutional investors tend to invest in firms that allow share repurchases, unlike the individual investors who seemed not to like firms that engaged in share purchases.Unlike previous studies, Jain checks on the differences of both lower taxed institutions and higher taxed individual investors based on their preferences for dividends as well as share repurchase. This has made it possible to test the unproven claims suggesting that, firms that had paid high dividends had greater institutional investors being attracted to it while individual investors who were highly taxed were not marginal investors in stocks that paid high dividends.The study also adds to the existing work by making many original contributions. For instance, in addition to investigating how aggregate institutional ownership related with dividend yield by the use of sample firms, Jain also did the same analysis but using only dividend-paying firms. Using this approach it became possible t o test if institutions preferred low-dividend firms to high à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬dividend firms. By so doing Jain was able to do away with the effects of non-tax incentives that lured institutional investors in dividend-paying firms.The study also largely contributes to the prior work by not only analyzing the preferences of high dividend yield by institutions but also analyzes the institutional preference for dividend firms to non-paying firms. This makes it possible to check the effects of the tax and also the non-tax incentives where both show that institutional investors should have a greater tendency towards buying stock in firms that pay dividends.More so, Jain also contributes to the existing work by doing the first empirical examination of the preferences for share repurchases by both the individual as well as institutional investors.In other sections of this article, Jain describes the data used in this study, and also presents the results of the main empirical tests that checks on i ndividual and institutional investorsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ preferences for share purchases as well as high dividend paying firms. In the proceeding section, Jain provides additional results on empirical examination as well as examining the robustness of findings.To explain the individual and institutional ownership of a firm, data theoretically or empirically shown was acquired from CRSP and Compustat. However, Evanoff, Kaufman and Malliaris (2012) suggest that the CRSP that was used may not give the actual amount of stock repurchases. They also add that an alternative measure that use Compustat data to examine the amount and the preference of stock by a given firm, sometimes tends to overstate the actual share repurchases. If Compustat measure is used, it would lead to a reduction of the sample size. This is due to the fact that this measure is not used to examine banks and utilities considering the two are the main sectors which the firms have a greater tendency to pay dividends.In carrying out an empirical examination, Jain bases on institutional and individual holdings to examine the dividends yielded by average groups of firms. A sample of only dividend-paying firms is used and the approach helps to focus on effects of tax as well as reducing effects of non-tax factors. Non-tax factors may include Charter prohibitions as well as various reasons that would make institutional investors acquire stock in firms that pay dividends.Jain then groups all the firms that pay dividend into three almost equal classes as either l...

The Story Of The Lost Generation - 1661 Words

Brodie Wiener PIB LA 10 Period 3 Hensley 3 April 2015 The Story of the Lost Generation Living an spontaneous, carefree life like the characters in The Sun Also Rises do sounds like fun but it isn t what it seems. Ernest Hemingway writes a piece of literature that when looked upon through a new historicist critical perspective exposes the underlying truth and an uglier reality that is normally suppressed presents itself. New historicist criticism in a nutshell is arguing that the literature is directly influenced by the time period and place in which it occurs, but The Sun Also Rises also reflects the attitudes and feelings of the author in the time period. In the case of The Sun Also Rises written by Ernest Hemingway it is evident†¦show more content†¦These similarities make us believe that Hemingway was recounting his post-war experiences through the lives of the characters in the book. Characters in The Sun Also Rises are considered part of the â€Å"lost generation†, a term created by Gertrude Stein to describe the generation that grew up in post-w ar society. By no coincidence Hemingway is also part of this generation. Post-war life for the characters in the book consists of heavy drinking and partying, a sort of escape from the real world, and the same was a reality for Hemingway. Although France and all of Europe are in shambles after the war, the characters seem to be rejecting reality, partying it up in Paris and living a severely escapist lifestyle. This situation mimics the one Hemingway was actually in after WWI. The war’s effect on Hemingway can be told through the characters as each one represents part of his experience. Using a new historicist critical point of view and putting the story in context with the war and Hemingway’s life allows the reader to discover these connections and be able to more deeply analyze the significance of the book. The year is 1924, six short

Critical Appraisal Tool Dementia and Pain - 862 Words

Critical Appraisal Tool Title of the study: Pain in Dementia A Topical Review Authors: Scherder, E., et.al. Date published: 2009 Publication journal: International Association for the Study of Pain Study design: Clinical and Experimental Pain Study Review Aim/ purpose of study: Conglomeration of current data on pain and pain management for patients with dementia. Methods: Double blind, peer reviewed studies using pain medications Target population: Aging population with dementia or dementia symptoms Study sample: Over 1,000 individuals Criteria for Inclusion/Exclusion: Current sufferers of dementia or pre-dementia Dependent Variables: Level and intensity of pain, ability to express pain on a scale, pharmacological solutions to pain Independent Variables: Demographics, psychographics, longitudinal, time with disease Extraneous Variables: Various methods using non-dementia population of similar age and characteristics Details of the Measurement Instrument: Peer reviewed journals, appropriate statistical measurements Outcomes and Key Results: Likely that people with dementia are often under medicated because they are not able to adequately describe their pain symptoms. Age and age related pain are the highest factors for both dementia and pain; pain management, though, may be skewed. Strengths and Limitations of the Study: Data is understandably weak when using a population that is unable to adequately express their feelings or cognitive thoughts accurately.Show MoreRelatedIs Music Therapy Beneficial On Deterring Challenging Behavior For Dementia Sufferers?2852 Words   |  12 Pagesminimising challenging behaviour for dementia sufferers? Module Leader AMINA DILMOHAMED Student Number U0806781 Submission Date 5 May 2016 Contents Introduction 1 Background 1 Aim 1 Objectives 1 Methodology 2 Search Strategy 2 Inclusion Criteria 2 Exclusion Criteria 2 Discussion 9 Conclusion 9 References 9 Appendices 9 Appendix 1 9 Appendix 2 9 Dissertation Proposal Introduction Globally it is estimated that 46.8 million people are diagnosed and living with dementia. This figure is expected to doubleRead MoreEssay on Assess individual in health care5984 Words   |  24 Pagescapacity Personal perspective – religious beliefs, cultural interests, education requirements and family involvement. 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More people will be living with complex chronic illnesses. For example, in Australia the proportion of people with dementia will double by around 2035 (Deloitte Access Economics, 2011). By 2050 three times as many new fulltime employees within the care services will be needed (Commonwealth of Australia Productivity Commission, 2011). It is unlikely that the future needsRead MoreLevel HSC Unit 40 - Lead positive behavioural support.14060 Words   |  57 Pagesassessment (FBA) is a process for identifying the events that reliably predict and maintain occurrence of problem behaviour’s, Functional behavioural assessments often are done as part of the initial development of behavioural support plans, but it is critical to note that the process of FBA extends to the ongoing modification and adjustments that are typical in behavioural programming. An FBA results in (a) Operational definitions of the problem behaviours; (b) Identification of the events that reliablyRead MoreLeadership for Health and Social Care and Children65584 Words   |  263 PagesUnit 522 Unit 523 Unit 524 Unit 525 Unit 526 Unit 527 Unit 528 Unit 529 Unit 530 Unit 531 Unit 532 Unit 533 Unit 534 Unit 535 Unit 536 Unit 537 Understanding professional supervision practice (LM2a) 140 Understand the process and experience of dementia (DEM 301) 142 Understand physical disability (PD OP 3.1) 145 Understand the impact of Acquired Brain Injury on individuals (PD OP 3.3) 149 Understand sensory loss (SS MU 3.1) 153 Principles of supporting individuals with a learning disability regardingRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pages619 Supplement C Conducting Meetings 651 Appendix I Glossary 673 Appendix II References 683 Name Index 705 Subject Index 709 Combined Index 713 iii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface xvii INTRODUCTION 1 3 THE CRITICAL ROLE OF MANAGEMENT SKILLS The Importance of Competent Managers 6 The Skills of Effective Managers 7 Essential Management Skills 8 What Are Management Skills? 9 Improving Management Skills 12 An Approach to Skill Development 13 Leadership and ManagementRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagesand Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 61 Activity 2.1 Designing a Sampling Plan 63 Activity 2.2 An Experiment to Test for the Stroop Effect 64 Activity 2.3 McDonald’s and the Next 100 Billion Burgers 64 Activity 2.4 Video Games and Pain Management 65 Graphing Calculator Explorations 69 3 Graphical Methods for Describing Data 75 3.1 Displaying Categorical Data: Comparative Bar Charts and Pie Charts 76 3.2 Displaying Numerical Data: Stem-and-Leaf Displays 87 vii viii Read MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesdeprivation, mass society, structural strain, and resource mobilization. Much has been written about these theories, and an extensive analysis of each is not possible in this context.58 Therefore, I present here only what each theory considers to be the critical factors that facilitate the rise of social movements. According to relative deprivation theory, the primary impetus for the rise of social movements is discontent, which emanates from the perception by a group of people that they have been barred

Analysis Of Homer s The Odyssey - 1418 Words

Homer’s epic Greek tale, The Odyssey, is the story of a hero’s nostos, following the ten years after the Trojan War saga. From these tales of wanderings of Odysseus, son of Laà «rtes, ruler of Ithaka, Homer reveals that to come home a warrior must strip their ‘war’s immortality’ skin and be reborn to understand the peaceful human existence in the cosmic universe. In retelling of his tale to the Phaià ¡kians, Odysseus recaptures the inward lost by means of descriptive heroic insight and over imagination of the external drama, skimming over his most fatal flaw - his ego. My argument in this essay is our hero’s ego and his continuous struggle with it causes the downfall for him and others . Odysseus’s need of recognition†¦show more content†¦A clear example of Odysseus folly and greatness is incapsulated in the tale of coming to the land of Kyklopes, chapter IX of The Odyssey. In his flashbacks, Odysseus begins with the renderi ng of the tale of how he and his men came to this seemingly paradise isle, guided in the foggy night by a god. The land was gifted with fertile soil and meats of wild game for these hungry men who were lost on sea, nine days prior. â€Å"..Heaven gave us game a-plenty†¦ so there all day, until the sun went down, we made feast on meat galore and wine.† As Dawn rose from her slumber, they carry on into the mainland to find the natives who resided there. It is on this journey Odysseus and his twelve strongest fighters enter the cave full of wonders of food. This temptation of food awakens the desire to the men’s stomach, thus making them linger in this spot. This desire of food is a continuous negative symbolism for Homer, a representation of human’s lack of self-control to temptation; an unfavourable foreshadowing of things to come. Enjoying this meal, Odysseus awaits for the meeting of the caveman, to see â€Å"†¦what he had to offer - no pretty sight, it turn out, for my friends’ It is here we meet Kyklopes Polypheums, the son of Poseidon. Homer introduces the Kyklopes as an animalistic, uncivilized one eye race of giants; they are however a ‘blessed’ and a ‘cursed’ race. Everything they need is given

The Impact Of Internet On The World Wide Web - 1767 Words

Globally, the estimate for Internet users in 2016 comes to around 46.1 percent, a three percent increase from 2015 (â€Å"Internet Users in the World,† Internet Live Stats). In a world where almost half of the population has Internet most people cannot imagine their lives without constant access to news sources. In this, different platforms that involve the sharing of information include: physical newspaper, online news sources, Facebook, and other social media platforms. The sharing of news stories among society through these different platforms allows larger communities to stay up-to-date with local, national, and even global events. Being knowledgeable about current events through the World Wide Web is easier through the advances made†¦show more content†¦Overall, tying all concepts together to understand the impact in which proximity and immediacy have on society through mobile newspapers. Use of Mobile Devices The increasing accessibility of news events and stories by way of the Internet and online sources within society grew rapidly within the last decade. In a worldwide study done by the ITU Telecommunication Development Bureau (2015) the company recorded over 7 billion cellular subscriptions, in addition to around 3.2 billion people using the Internet (â€Å"The World in 2015: ICT Facts and Figures†). The results of ITU’s study of information and communications technology illustrate the large population using the Internet and cellular devices. In this, the increase of usage of devices such as mobile phones and laptops has called for the development of mobile news sources. Manuel Goyanes (2015) examines the willingness of the population to pay for online news subscriptions in his study. He discusses the challenges that â€Å"new† media, particularly digital poses on print newspapers (Goyanes, 2015, p. 1505). New digital media era, which in cludes online newspapers and mobile applications, has increasingly become a crucial source for relaying information to society. Due to these challenges, many major news outlets have been forced to create online newspapers that mimic their

Principles of Auditing and Services-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Apply analytical procedures to the financial report information of DIPL for the last three years. Explain how your results influence your planning decisions for the audit for the year ending 30 June 2015 2.Identify two inherent risk factors that arise from the nature of DIPLs business operations 3.Identify and explain two key fraud risk factors relating to misstatements arising from fraudulent financial reporting to which DIPL may be susceptible. Answers: 1.Utilization of Analytical Process: During the time, spent building up the audit design of DIPL, diagnostic procedure of the money related data gives a noteworthy help. Then again, audit design gives the vital rules and bearings to the examiners at the season of audit operations. On a more exact note, audit design encourages the inspectors to keep up the audit cost in a specific restrain and to quit misconception with the audit customers. Logical approach of the money related data of DIPL alludes to the way toward spreading the budgetary data from various monetary presentation of the organization. Accountants and budgetary experts can utilize different thing lines from the monetary articulations and the additionally can check their base of arrangement for the organizations. For instance, the enlistment procedure of different highlighting and money related things in the budgetary reports like resources, net liabilities, proprietor's value and others can be mull over alongside examination of deviation of them from the ordinary circumstance. One of the major butt-centric cal procedures of budgetary data is Benchmarking and this procedure can be utilized for the examination of organization's audit design. With the assistance of benchmarking process, difference in the money related reports of the organizations can be spotted and the real reasons for the event of these changes can be resolved with the assurance of main driver of these fluctuations. Aside from the benchmarking procedure, Ratio Analysis is considered as a noteworthy scientific procedure of money related data of the or ganizations. Apportion examination is particularly useful in the correlation of the money related reports of two or many organizations with a specific end goal to build up the audit design (Jans et al. 2014). Clarification: The embraced expository methodologies of the organizations to examine the budgetary data has critical impact on the improvement of audit arranging procedure and this is important for spreading the monetary data among the different bureaus of the organizations. For instance, as a result of the Current Ratio investigation of DIPL, it can be seen that in the money related year 2013, 2014 and 2015, the present apportion of the organization are 1.42, 1.46 and 1.5 separately. As another case, Profit Margin can be thought about as a piece of benefit of the organization. From this benefit investigation, it can be seen that in the year 2013, 2014 and 2015, overall revenue of DIPL were 0.068, 0.60 and 0.06 separately. This examination of benefit uncovers the measure of net salary earned against the measure of net offers of DIPL. What's more, this investigation of benefit gives the accountants and money related examiners with the view that whether the costs of the organization ar e low or high. Aside from this, it likewise helps the accountants and budgetary experts to comprehend the adequacy of the organization's financial plan alongside the prerequisite for organization's extension. The investigation of proportions is a noteworthy apparatus for the auditors of DIPL. 2.Risk Factors: Some significant risk factors can be raised from the business operations of DIPL. As indicated by the contextual investigation, it can be see that the records or administration of the organization has precluded various business exchanges of DIPL. This procedure has an immediate connection with the irregularities in the arranging of different advertising and deals exercises of the organization. As per the investigation of different money related proclamations and reports of DIPL, it can be seen that the organization has neglected to accomplish the focused on benefit level from deals income. The principle reason is the incontinency and incapability of the organization's administration in the business operations. Consequently, it can be seen that the organization has neglected to gauge the effect of different small scale and large scale financial elements that have consequences for the business operations of DIPL like monetary, political and social elements. Therefore, o ne might say that the poor income and net revenue of the organization prompt the natural risks (Hayes, Wallage and Gortemaker 2014). In addition, the representatives of DIPL have quickly expanded the measure of this inalienable risk. The level of inalienable risks of the organization's increments because of the absence of experienced capability and demonstrable skill of the workers as the achievement of the organizations limitlessly rely upon their representative's execution. As the unpractised and wasteful workforce of DIPL will undoubtedly commit errors, the intrinsic risks will be expanded. As per the contextual investigation of DIPL, complexities can be found during the time spent progression of CEO of the organization. Subsequently, this procedure prompts the expansion in inalienable risks in the association. Major intrinsic risks can be found in the ineffectual procedure of choosing the progression of CEO of the organization. Aside from this, it can be seen that DIPL do not have enough number of workers for the treatment of their business operations. This reason additionally prompts the expansion in natural risks in the business operations of DIPL. In this manner, from the above talk, it can be seen that these are the real reason of the expansion in natural risks in DIPL's business operations (Nalewaik and Mills 2016). Clarification: It can be seen that there is unreasonable workload on the representatives of the organization. This exorbitant workload prompts the poor accounting of the organization and this issue prompts different income issues, inadequate working result, incapable liquidity and dissolvability position of the organization and others. Aside from this, risk of fraud can be found in the money related proclamations because of the absence of legitimate understanding. In such manner, the administration of DIPL has a huge part to play. It has been seen that the administration of DIPL needs honesty and responsibility and therefore, they are experiencing the worry of loosing notoriety in the business group. High motivating force structure for administration makes over the top weight on the administration and it prompts material errors in the monetary proclamations and reports (William Jr, Glover and Prawitt 2016). 3.Recognition and Explanation of Two Fraud Risks: In the business associations, fraud risks can be considered as one of the significant risks for the business organizations. In case of the business operations of DIPL, the real risk that can be occurred from the business operations incorporates the engagement of the specialists in various types of deceitful. This can be occurred because of disappointment of the representatives. As per the given contextual investigation of DIPL, it can be seen that there is a huge weight from the finish of the leading group of the organization for the appropriation of another accounting framework. The appropriation of this new accounting framework makes a colossal weight on the workforce of the organization and this weight light adds to extortion. Aside from this, another real extortion risk is the fraud during the time spent money related announcing. High risk of inadequate money related declarations can be found in the event that unreasonable budgetary desires can be seen from different partners for the statement of monetary declarations. Moreover, on the off chance that the declaration from the organization's administration to meet certain particular execution target and in the event that specific focus of the objectives for the obtaining of specific obligations. As per the money related proclamations of DIPL, it can be seen that there is an expansion of income of the organization from the year 2013 to 2015. Reference List Arens, A.A., Elder, R.J., Beasley, M.S. and Hogan, C.E., 2016.Auditing and assurance services. Pearson. Beasley, M.S., 2015.Auditing cases: An interactive learning approach. Prentice Hall. Cannon, N. and Bedard, J.C., 2016. Auditing challenging fair value measurements: Evidence from the field.The Accounting Audit. Duncan, B. and Whittington, M., 2014, September. Compliance with standards, assurance and audit: Does this equal security?. InProceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks(p. 77). ACM. Hayes, R., Wallage, P. and Gortemaker, H., 2014.Principles of auditing: an introduction to international standards on auditing. Pearson Higher Ed. Jans, M., Alles, M.G. and Vasarhelyi, M.A., 2014. A field study on the use of process mining of event logs as an analytical procedure in auditing.The Accounting Audit,89(5), pp.1751-1773. Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016.Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Nalewaik, A. and Mills, A., 2016.Project Performance Audit: Capturing the Value of Audit, Oversight, and Compliance for Project Success. CRC Press.

Graduate Employment and Labor Market in Singapore

Question: Write a reflective essay on "Graduate Employment and Labor Market in Singapore". Answer: The graduate labor market in Singapore has exhibited a drastic change in the recent past. With the increase in the number of graduates as well as the disparity in the number of the jobs available has led to a transformational change in the process of employment. In most cases, the graduates expect to get a job immediately they complete their education; however, this is not always the case for most of the graduates since the labor market is skewed . The scenario in Singapore has been predicted to exhibit a change in the rate at which employment opportunities will be created by the government and the private sector. The shift from intellectual to technical skills has seen most of the graduates taking a lot of time to secure an employment. There is the need for a strategic approach to the unemployment rates building up in the country because of several factors such as the shift to the lean workforce and technological leveraging within organizations to increase productivity and quality. This excerpt examines the current position of the labor market in Singapore as well as giving a highlight of the means of securing job opportunities. The number of graduates seeking employment is Singapore by the year 2014 rose to about 65% according to the rate of labor participation. The service sector registered a significant increase in the job opportunities in the recent years but a notable decrease has characterized the industry within the quarters of 2014 (Government of Singapore, 2014). The graduate employment trends in Singapore can be attributed to the nature of the profession the learning institutions are focusing. The service sector was one of the lucrative sections of the economy with a high number of job opportunities; however, the change witnessed in 2014 showed that the unemployment of residents between 25 and 60 years of age rose significantly over the three years. If the rate of the graduate underemployment continues, then Singapore economy will witness an education impact on the economic performance due to skewed training. According to the Government of Singapore, the participation training, which incorporates t he graduate education programs, increased to a high value of 36% in 2014 even though employees are enthusiastic to pay premiums (Government of Singapore, 2014). The rate of professional degree training also witnessed growth as compared to diploma and secondary qualifications. The cumulative analysis of the training intervention showed that the country has more skills that the available job opportunities creating the need for an awakening in the job sectors. It is important to note that the tight labor market transformation and expansions in higher education also affected the foreign workforce annual figures that dropped from 80,000 to 26,000 between the year 2010 and 2011. The actions taken by the local and international investors in Singapore affected the skill combinations for maximum productivity (Kalra et al., 2015). Many organizations have shifted to automated manufacturing and processing procedures because of the global advancement in technology. The stiff competition from the government corporations and the foreign market dominance has led to a change in the mechanisms used to enhance quality. The levels of experience and expertise required from graduates have been escalated to the high standard that does not match most of the graduate skills available in the market. The fascinating scenario in Singapore labor market is the shift to local hiring that leads to significant underemployment rates (Kalra et al., 2015). Graduates have been hired to work on small payments or carrying out duties, not in line with their high qualifications. The labor market effect is complicated since it is not easy to segregate the effect emanating from the concepts of graduate employment, the acquired skills, and the requirements of the available jobs. Whichever the case, strategic approaches need to be adopted by the curriculum implementers and the hiring organizations. Nevertheless, the Ministry of Manpower in Singapore has estimated the rate at which the effect of part-time workers affects the labor market. The little pay encourages more people to extend their working hours to increase their pay. Such a scenario leads to decrease in the organizational duties that tend to nullify the need to hire more employees. The national report by the government noted that the level of unemployment may stabilize, but the guarantee of being immune from possible uncontrolled unemployment does not exist (Daniel, 2016). The exit of the baby boomers in the labor market in Singapore may alter the level of the graduate employment since there is no certainty of high valued jobs being offered to the young professionals (Cunningham, 2016). The reality of the labor market is yet to be exhausted since there is not comprehensive approach set forth to measure the level of unemployment by factoring all economic and academic aspects (Koskela and Stenbacka, 2009; Clancy and Ker , 2010). However, the top degree programs remain to be Law, Business, Medicine, and Information Technology. The professional competencies with low ranking have been noted to be Art and Design, Psychology, Media Studies, and Music (Daniel, 2016). On average, a freshly hired graduate in Singapore earns between 3,500 and 5,000 US Dollars and the figure might be significantly small depending on the profession. However, graduates should note that several avenues could be used to seek for employment opportunities. A graduate should be conversant with the area of expertise and conducted a personal preliminary research about the related competencies and the emerging issues related to the acquired profession (Gibbs, 2007). It is important to work with the updated information as well as existing trends before looking for a job opportunity (Hager and Holland, 2006). The process of seeking a job opportunity starts with updating the resume that will show the essential qualifications regarding the profession of the graduate (Jacobs, 2013; Fowler, 2011). Young people can access jobs by building their networks through social interaction. The people we engage with on daily basis are attached to an organization or working something out to generate income. Touching a base with such people through open discussion may assist in securing a job opportunity (Jacobs, 2013). Linking up with alumni of from the s ame institution of learning who took the same profession is important because it helps in getting access to possible internship placements and employment opportunities. Dillon and Media (2016) have noted several ways to enhance the job hunting process for graduates. The duo pointed out that the newspapers and journal offer information regarding an existing job position for different professional qualification. Taking time to go through the pages can assist as the graduate to secure a place. Several employment agencies specialize in job seeking and advertise the opportunities to the public. The organizations offer recruitment and training services (Dillon and Media, 2016). It is essential for graduates to register their resume with such agencies and make follow up and regular applications for the available positions on the respective websites. Although visiting organizations to seek for a job has been considered as an old method, using such an approach is important because it gives the opportunity for the graduate to present the reasons why they should be considered (Keynes and Krugman, 2007). Speculative letters have assisted many graduates to secur e employment since the administrators regularly file most of the applications without referrals (Dillon and Media, 2016; Fowler, 2011). Besides, voluntary and internship positions have assisted graduates in Singapore to secure employment in the end. Whether unpaid or paid, graduates should seek opportunities, which will enable them to prove their unique skills. Abilities such as time management, team leadership, organizational skills, and planning cannot just be stated to be endorsed but must be proved through practice. Volunteering can assist graduates to show their competence and eventually win the appeal of the organization (Dillon and Media, 2016; Fowler, 2011). Internships are valuable because they support the young professionals to build experiences as well as offering avenues to familiarize with organizational structures and procedures. Social media platforms are also essential in interacting and acquiring information regarding the opportunities in different companies (Dillon and Media, 2016; Fowler, 2011). Following the pages and social handles of organizations on the internet or regular check on their offici al websites will keep graduates updates on the possible employment openings available. In conclusion, the labor market in Singapore has exhibited transformational changes regarding the previous stable patterns due to the economic changes. The shift to automation of the processes through technology advancement has reduced the number of possible job opportunities. The private and public sector should set measures to create a sustainable environment safe for graduates, other job seekers, and the hiring organizations. The possibility of an open rate of unemployment may affect the countrys economic position by increasing government expenditure and lowering the GDP. Moreover, graduates should consider sharpening their professional skills and employ multiple measures to secure employment. Through internships, the graduates can build relevant experience for the job market by familiarizing themselves with the procedures of the organization. Besides, voluntary positions are avenues for graduates to prove their competence. Taking measures such as engaging the social media, employ ment agencies, and networking with familiar people can assist a graduate to land a work opening. References Clancy, G. and Ker, D. (2010) Labour force survey unemployment and benefits durations, Economic Labour Market Review, 4(4), pp. 2031. doi: 10.1057/elmr.2010.48 Cunningham, J. (2016) Genres of underemployment: A Dialogical analysis of college graduate underemployment, Qualitative Research in Education, 5(1), p. 1. doi: 10.17583/qre.2015.1393 Daniel, K. (2016) Graduate employment survey 2015 (published 2016). Dillon, S. and Media, D. (2016) 10 ways to find a job. Gibb, A. (2007) Get that job!: The complete, thorough, hands-on guide to the whole recruitment and selection process - for graduates and ambitious executives in early career. Government of Singapore (2014) Labour Force: Singapore Labour Market. Available at: Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer-Verlag New York Jacobs, D. L. (2013) The Six best ways to find your next job.